{"id":3225,"date":"2024-06-05T12:53:57","date_gmt":"2024-06-05T10:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/?p=3225"},"modified":"2024-06-05T12:53:57","modified_gmt":"2024-06-05T10:53:57","slug":"upravljanje-windows-hostovima-s-ansibleom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2024\/06\/05\/upravljanje-windows-hostovima-s-ansibleom\/","title":{"rendered":"Upravljanje Windows hostovima uz Ansible"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ansible<\/strong> je softverski alat \u010dija je funkcija automatizacija procesa kao \u0161to su postavljanje, konfiguracija, upravljanje, instalacija, orkestracija softvera, kontejnera, servera i sli\u010dnih procesa\u00a0 rada. Radi se o projektu otvorenog koda (open-source<\/em>), koji je besplatan za kori\u0161tenje, i koji se odr\u017eava doprinosima pojedinaca i cjelokupne open-source<\/em> zajednice. Pisan je u Python<\/strong> programskom jeziku, a pokre\u0107e se naredbama u komandnom prozoru.<\/p>\n

Ansible se mo\u017ee koristiti za automatizaciju procesa<\/strong> na Linux i Windows serverima (fizi\u010dkim, virtualnim, cloud instancama), desktop ra\u010dunalima, mre\u017enim ure\u0111ajima, sustavima za pohranu podataka, kontejnerskim instancama, bazama, aplikacijama, IoT ure\u0111ajima i sli\u010dno.<\/p>\n

Kako bismo automatizirali odre\u0111ene procese u menad\u017ementu Windows poslu\u017eitelja, u na\u0161em \u0107emo primjeru postaviti kontrolni node<\/em> s Ansibleom i Windows poslu\u017eitelj kao upravljani node<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Instalacija Ansiblea<\/h4>\n

Ansible instaliramo na Linux poslu\u017eitelju. On \u0107e nam slu\u017eiti kao upravlja\u010dki poslu\u017eitelj.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0apt update\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0apt install software-properties-common\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0add-apt-repository --yes --update ppa:ansible\/ansible\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0apt install ansible<\/pre>\n
Ansible se mo\u017ee instalirati<\/strong> i na Windows operativnom sustavu, ali isklju\u010divo u podsustavu za Linux (WSL), no slu\u017ebeno nije podr\u017ean i ne preporu\u010duje se za produkcijska okru\u017eenja.<\/p>\n
<\/h4>\n
 <\/p>\n
Instalacija ansible.windows kolekcije<\/h4>\n
Za svrhu upravljanja Windows hostovima<\/em>, instaliramo kolekciju naziva ansible.windows<\/code>.
\nOp\u0107enito, Ansible kolekcija je skup playbooka<\/em>, rola, modula ili plugina<\/em> koji izvr\u0161avaju neku zajedni\u010dku zada\u0107u. ansible.windows<\/code> sadr\u017ei razne module koji, na primjer, omogu\u0107avaju upravljanje korisni\u010dkim ra\u010dunima, njihovim pravima, pokretanjem naredbi, instalaciju raznih paketa i sli\u010dne zadatke na hostovima<\/em> s Windows operativnim sustavom.
\nAnsible kolekciju mo\u017eemo instalirati s naredbom ansible-galaxy<\/code>, koja ina\u010de slu\u017ei za upravljanje Ansible rolama i kolekcijama.<\/p>\n
ansible-galaxy collection install ansible.windows<\/pre>\n
Prema defaultnoj<\/em> konfiguraciji, ova naredba \u0107e koristiti Ansible Galaxy koji se nalazi na
\nhttps:\/\/galaxy.ansible.com\/<\/a>, a s kojeg \u0107e preuzeti kolekciju.<\/p>\n
\"Ansible<\/a><\/p>\n
Ansible Galaxy<\/strong> je javni repozitorij rola i kolekcija koje se mogu preuzeti potpuno besplatno. Kako bi provjerili koje su sve kolekcije instalirane mo\u017eemo pokrenuti naredbu:<\/p>\n
ansible-galaxy collection list<\/pre>\n
<\/h4>\n
 <\/p>\n
Konfiguracija WinRM-a na Windows hostu<\/h4>\n
Kako bi Linux upravlja\u010dki poslu\u017eitelj mogao komunicirati s Windows hostom<\/em>, potrebno je podesiti Windows Remote Management (WinRM<\/strong>) ili Secure Shell (SSH<\/strong>) protokole.<\/p>\n
WinRM i SSH su protokoli koji se koriste za udaljeni pristup i upravljanje ra\u010dunalima, odnosno poslu\u017eiteljima. Prvi je Microsoft native<\/em> protokol, dok se drugi uglavnom koristi na Unix-based<\/em> strojevima.<\/p>\n
U pode\u0161avanju WinRM servisa mo\u017ee nam pomo\u0107i \u010dlanak na sljede\u0107oj poveznici
\nhttps:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2022\/11\/02\/powershell-remoting-i-winrm\/<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/h4>\n
 <\/p>\n
Pode\u0161avanje firewalla<\/h4>\n
Pristup WinRM servisu s Ansible<\/a> poslu\u017eitelja je potrebno dozvoliti u firewallu<\/em>. Kod inicijalne konfiguracije WinRM-a, kreira se novi firewall rule<\/em> koji otvara pristup svima, \u0161to iz sigurnosnih aspekata nije dobra praksa. Potrebno je izmijeniti pravilo koje dozvoljava pristup svima u ono koje limitira pristup na samo na\u0161 Linux poslu\u017eitelj, naro\u010dito ako je firewall<\/em> na Windows hostu<\/em> jedini firewall<\/em> koji se koristi. Za to mo\u017eemo koristiti sljede\u0107e Powershell naredbe:<\/p>\n
$IPs = @(\"xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx\")<\/span><\/pre>\n
Umjesto xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx<\/em> upisujemo IP adresu poslu\u017eitelja na kojem je instaliran Ansible.<\/p>\n
Remove-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName \"Windows Remote Management (HTTPS-In)\"\n<\/span>New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName \"Windows Remote Management (HTTPS-In)\" -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -RemoteAddress $IPs -LocalPort 5986<\/span><\/pre>\n
\"Pravilo<\/a><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Kreiranje certifikata za autentikaciju<\/h4>\n
Kreiramo self-signed<\/em> certifikat koji \u0107emo koristiti za autentikaciju izme\u0111u Ansible servera i Windows hosta<\/em>. Mo\u017eemo ga generirati pomo\u0107u OpenSSL<\/strong> alata na Linux poslu\u017eitelju ili kroz Powershell na Windows hostu<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Za kreiranje certifikata na Linux poslu\u017eitelju koristimo sljede\u0107e naredbe:<\/p>\n
cat > openssl.conf << EOL\n<\/span>distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name\n<\/span>[req_distinguished_name]\n<\/span>[v3_req_client]\n<\/span>extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth\n<\/span>subjectAltName = otherName:1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.3;UTF8:$USER@localhost\n<\/span>EOL<\/span><\/pre>\n
export OPENSSL_CONF=openssl.conf\nexport USER=\"ansible\"<\/span><\/pre>\n
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 3650 -newkey rsa:2048 -out ansible.pem -outform PEM -keyout ansible_key.pem -subj \"\/CN=$USER\" -extensions v3_req_client<\/span><\/pre>\n
\"Ansible<\/a><\/p>\n
Certifikat mo\u017eemo kreirati i na Windows hostu, ako pokrenemo sljede\u0107e naredbe u Powershellu:<\/p>\n
$params = @{\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Type = 'Custom'\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Subject = 'CN=ansible'\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0TextExtension = @(\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0'2.5.29.37={text}1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2',\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0'2.5.29.17={text}upn=ansible@localhost' )\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0KeyUsage = 'DigitalSignature'\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0KeyAlgorithm = 'RSA'\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0KeyLength = 2048\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CertStoreLocation = 'Cert:\\LocalMachine\\My'\n<\/span>}\n<\/span>New-SelfSignedCertificate @params<\/span><\/pre>\n
\"Ansible<\/a><\/p>\n
Certifikat je potrebno uvesti u Windows certificate store<\/em> na Windows hostu<\/em>, i to certifikat izdava\u010da u Trusted Root Certification Authorities<\/strong> store, a klijentski certifikat u Trusted People<\/strong> store. S obzirom da se ovdje radi o self-signed<\/em> certifikatu, u oba storea uvozimo isti. Ako pretpostavimo da je datoteka sa certifikatom pohranjena na lokaciji C:\\Certifikati, onda naredbe koje trebamo pokrenuti u Powershellu glase ovako:<\/p>\n
$cert = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2(\"C:\\Certifikati\\ansible.pem\")\n<\/span>$store_name = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.StoreName]::Root\n<\/span>$store_location = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.StoreLocation]::LocalMachine\n<\/span>$store = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Store -ArgumentList $store_name, $store_location\n<\/span>$store.Open(\"MaxAllowed\")\n<\/span>$store.Add($cert)\n<\/span>$store.Close()<\/span><\/pre>\n
$cert = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2(\"C:\\Certifikati\\ansible.pem\")\n<\/span>$store_name = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.StoreName]::TrustedPeople\n<\/span>$store_location = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.StoreLocation]::LocalMachine\n<\/span>$store = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Store -ArgumentList $store_name, $store_location\n<\/span>$store.Open(\"MaxAllowed\")\n<\/span>$store.Add($cert)\n<\/span>$store.Close()<\/span><\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Kreiranje lokalnog korisnika i mapiranje certifikata<\/h4>\n
Sljede\u0107i korak je da mapiramo uvezeni certifikat s lokalnim korisnikom na Windows hostu, no najprije \u0107emo tog korisnika i kreirati:<\/p>\n
$credential = Get-Credential\n<\/span>$password = $credential.Password\n<\/span>$username = $credential.Username\n<\/span>New-LocalUser -Name $username -Password $password -FullName \"$username\" -PasswordNeverExpires -UserMayNotChangePassword\n<\/span>Add-LocalGroupMember -Group Administrators -Member $username<\/span><\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
A zatim \u0107emo mapirati certifikat novokreiranom korisniku:<\/p>\n
$thumbprint = (Get-ChildItem -Path cert:\\LocalMachine\\root | Where-Object { $_.Subject -eq \"CN=$username\" }).Thumbprint\n<\/span>New-Item -Path WSMan:\\localhost\\ClientCertificate -Subject \"$username@localhost\" -URI * -Issuer $thumbprint -Credential $credential -Force<\/span><\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Trebamo imati na umu da u WinRM postavkama mora biti omogu\u0107ena autentikacija putem certifikata. Ako nije, mo\u017eemo je uklju\u010diti naredbom:<\/p>\n
winrm set winrm\/config\/service\/Auth '@{Certificate=\"true\"}'<\/span><\/pre>\n
<\/h4>\n
 <\/p>\n
Dodatna provjera postavki WinRM servisa<\/h4>\n
Dobra praksa je provjeriti jesu li isklju\u010dene manje sigurne postavke kao \u0161to je mogu\u0107nost nekriptirane komunikacije, mogu\u0107nost autentikacije lozinkom i sli\u010dno. Naredba za izlistavanje konfiguracije servisa je:<\/p>\n
winrm get winrm\/config\/Service<\/span><\/pre>\n
\"Ansible<\/a><\/p>\n
winrm set winrm\/config\/service '@{AllowUnencrypted=\"false\"}'\n<\/span>winrm set winrm\/config\/service\/Auth '@{Basic=\"false\"}'<\/span><\/pre>\n
<\/h4>\n
 <\/p>\n
Konfiguracija host varijabli<\/h4>\n
Na Linux poslu\u017eitelju je potrebno jo\u0161 konfigurirati host varijable<\/strong> koje \u0107e re\u0107i Ansibleu s kojim se parametrima spaja na Windows hosta<\/em>.<\/p>\n
ansible_connection: winrm\n<\/span>ansible_winrm_scheme: https\n<\/span>ansible_port: 5986\n<\/span>ansible_winrm_transport: certificate\n<\/span>ansible_winrm_cert_pem: \/etc\/ansible\/certs\/ansible.pem\n<\/span>ansible_winrm_cert_key_pem: \/etc\/ansible\/certs\/ansible_key.pem\n<\/span>ansible_winrm_server_cert_validation: ignore<\/span><\/pre>\n
Postavka \u201cansible_winrm_server_cert_validation: ignore<\/strong>\u201d je nu\u017ena kada koristimo self-signed<\/em> certifikat, budu\u0107i da nije mogu\u0107e izvr\u0161iti njegovu validaciju.<\/p>\n
Ove vrijednosti se spremaju u YAML<\/strong> formatu.<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Test komunikacije<\/h4>\n
Kada smo dovr\u0161ili cjelokupnu konfiguraciju, mo\u017eemo provjeriti funkcionira li komunikacija izme\u0111u Ansiblea i Windows hosta<\/em> ispravno. Za to \u0107emo koristiti win_ping<\/code> modul iz ansible.windows<\/code> kolekcije. Ovisno kako nam je pode\u0161en Ansible inventory (popis grupa i hostova) za test komunikacije pokrenemo neku od ovih naredbi:<\/p>\n
ansible -m win_ping imeposlu\u017eitelja<\/span><\/pre>\n
ansible imeposlu\u017eitelja -i imegrupehosta -m win_ping<\/span><\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Sada mo\u017eemo po\u010deti s pisanjem playbooka<\/em>. Playbook<\/em> je, kulinarskim rje\u010dnikom re\u010deno, recept. To je skupina naredbi i pripadaju\u0107ih parametara, a zajedno \u010dine cjelinu koja radi na izvr\u0161enju odre\u0111enog zadatka. Tako recimo mo\u017eete napisati playbook<\/em> koji \u0107e odra\u0111ivati instalaciju Windows updatea, ili koji \u0107e u intervalima provjeravati je li na upravljanom ra\u010dunalu instalirana neka zna\u010dajka, ili koji \u0107e pod odre\u0111enim uvjetima ponovno pokrenuti neki servis, i sli\u010dno.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ansible je softverski alat \u010dija je funkcija automatizacija procesa kao \u0161to su postavljanje, konfiguracija, upravljanje, instalacija, orkestracija softvera, kontejnera, servera i sli\u010dnih procesa\u00a0 rada. Radi se o projektu otvorenog koda (open-source), koji je besplatan za kori\u0161tenje, i koji se odr\u017eava doprinosima pojedinaca i cjelokupne open-source zajednice. Pisan je u Python programskom jeziku, a pokre\u0107e se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":3299,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-3225","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administracija-servera","tag-alati"],"yoast_head":"\nUpravljanje Windows hostovima uz Ansible - Plus Hosting<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ansible je softverski alat za automatizaciju procesa poput postavljanja, konfiguracija, upravljanja, instalacija, softvera, kontejnera, servera...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2024\/06\/05\/upravljanje-windows-hostovima-s-ansibleom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Upravljanje Windows hostovima uz Ansible - 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