{"id":2962,"date":"2022-11-02T12:41:08","date_gmt":"2022-11-02T11:41:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/?p=2962"},"modified":"2022-11-02T12:41:08","modified_gmt":"2022-11-02T11:41:08","slug":"powershell-remoting-i-winrm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2022\/11\/02\/powershell-remoting-i-winrm\/","title":{"rendered":"Powershell Remoting i WinRM"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u0160to je to WinRM?<\/h2>\n<p>Windows Remote Management ili WinRM je upravlja\u010dki protokol koji se koristi za me\u0111usobnu komunikaciju ra\u010dunala\/servera razli\u010ditih proizvo\u0111a\u010da, razli\u010ditih operativnih sustava i razli\u010ditog hardvera.<\/p>\n<p>Baziran je na SOAP-u, a komunicira putem HTTP\/HTTPS protokola.<\/p>\n<p>WinRM je dio operativnog sustava i <em>defaultno<\/em> je upaljen na svakom serveru, no za kori\u0161tenje je potrebna dodatna konfiguracija.<\/p>\n<h3>Konfiguracija WinRM-a<\/h3>\n<p>Kako bismo provjerili trenutnu konfiguraciju Windows Remote Management servisa, iz <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2023\/05\/02\/powershell-kako-i-zasto\/\">Powershella<\/a> na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru pokrenemo sljede\u0107u naredbu:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm get winrm\/config<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2966 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/GetConfig.png\" alt=\"WinRM\" width=\"637\" height=\"751\" \/><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Kako bismo provjerili trenutnu konfiguraciju <em>listenera<\/em>, iz Powershella na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru pokrenemo sljede\u0107u naredbu:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm e winrm\/config\/listener<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2968 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/HTTPlistener.png\" alt=\"WinRM e WinRM Config Listener\" width=\"559\" height=\"146\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Output<\/em> nam prika\u017ee detalje oko konfiguracije listenera, adrese, porta i sli\u010dno.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ako protokol nije uklju\u010den, za uklju\u010divanje i konfiguraciju s defaultnim vrijednostima mo\u017eemo koristiti naredbu:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm quickconfig<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Pokretanjem ove naredbe u biti pokre\u0107emo WinRM servis, kreiramo listenera koji &#8220;slu\u0161a&#8221; na svim IP adresama i u firewallu dozvoljavamo pristup portovima kojime se WinRM slu\u017ei. Standardno je to port 5985 za HTTP.<\/p>\n<p>Za kreiranje HTTPS <em>listenera<\/em>, potrebno je dodatno pokrenuti:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm quickconfig -transport:https<\/b><\/p>\n<p>ili ako se koristi certifikat:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm create winrm\/config\/Listener?Address=*+Transport=HTTPS &#8216;@{Hostname=&#8221;domena.hr&#8221;; CertificateThumbprint=&#8221;1234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234&#8243;}&#8217;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2969 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/HTTPSlistener.png\" alt=\"WinRM certifikat\" width=\"553\" height=\"296\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Dodatno je jo\u0161 potrebno otvoriti i port 5986 u firewallu:<\/p>\n<p><b>New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName &#8220;Windows Remote Management (HTTPS-In)&#8221; -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -RemoteAddress 1.2.3.4 -LocalPort 5986<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Autentikacija<\/h3>\n<p>Postoji nekoliko na\u010dina autentikacije:<\/p>\n<p><b>Basic<\/b> &#8211; najnesigurniji na\u010din autentikacije jer se korisni\u010dko ime i lozinka se \u0161alju u <em>plain text<\/em> obliku. Ne mo\u017ee se koristi u Active Directory okru\u017eenju. Mo\u017ee se koristiti s lokalnim korisni\u010dkim ra\u010dunom koji mora biti u Administrator grupi.<\/p>\n<p><b>Certificate<\/b> &#8211; ako se koristi <em>self-signed<\/em> certifikat treba ga uvesti lokalno na klijentskom ra\u010dunalu u Trusted Root Certification Authorities store. Autentikacija certifikatom se ne mo\u017ee koristiti u domenskim okru\u017eenjima, odnosno s domenskim korisni\u010dkim ra\u010dunom.<\/p>\n<p><b>Kerberos<\/b> &#8211; klijent i server se me\u0111usobno autenticiraju koriste\u0107i Kerberos certifikate. Jedna je od najsigurnijih opcija autentikacije u WinRM protokolu. Ne mo\u017ee se koristiti u <em>workgroup<\/em> okru\u017eenju jer zahtijeva da su klijent i server u istoj domeni.<\/p>\n<p><b>NTLM<\/b> &#8211; stariji mehanizam autentikacije koji podr\u017eava i <em>workgroup<\/em> i AD okru\u017eenje. <em>Defaultno<\/em> se koristi gdje nije podr\u017ean Kerberos. NTLM autentikacija jam\u010di identitet klijenta i ne \u0161alje lozinku prema odredi\u0161nom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru. Ukoliko se na <em>destination<\/em> serveru postavi SSL certifikat ova autentikacija mo\u017ee jam\u010diti i identitet servera.<\/p>\n<p><b>CredSSP<\/b> &#8211; omogu\u0107ava da se nakon uspje\u0161ne autentikacije na prvom serveru ili ra\u010dunalu, korisni\u010dko ime i lozinka enkriptiraju i \u0161alju na sljede\u0107i server ili ra\u010dunalo. CredSSP podr\u017eava i <em>workgroup<\/em> i AD okru\u017eenje.<\/p>\n<p><b>Negotiate<\/b> &#8211; kada je postavljen &#8220;Negotiate&#8221;, metoda autentikacije se &#8220;dogovara&#8221;. Ako su klijent i server u istoj domeni koristi se Kerberos, a ako nisu u domeni, koristi se NTLM.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Provjeru postavljenog na\u010dina autentikacije mo\u017eemo izvr\u0161iti pomo\u0107u:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm get WinRM\/Config\/Service\/Auth<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2965 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/GetAuth.png\" alt=\"WinRM autentikacija\" width=\"447\" height=\"125\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A naredbom:<\/p>\n<p><b>winrm set WinRM\/Config\/Service\/Auth &#8216;@{Basic=&#8221;false&#8221;;Kerberos=&#8221;false&#8221;;Negotiate=&#8221;true&#8221;;Certificate=&#8221;true&#8221;;CredSSP=&#8221;false&#8221;}&#8217;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2973 size-standard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SetAuth-728x89.png\" alt=\"WinRM set\" width=\"728\" height=\"89\" \/><\/p>\n<p>mo\u017eemo uklju\u010diti Certificate i Negotiate autentikaciju, a ostale isklju\u010diti.<\/p>\n<h3>TrustedHosts<\/h3>\n<p>TrustedHosts je lista ra\u010dunala kojima dozvoljavamo pristup putem Windows Remote Managementa. Tamo gdje nije mogu\u0107e uspostaviti me\u0111usobnu autentikaciju obaju strana koje &#8220;razgovaraju&#8221; kroz WinRM, preporu\u010duje se pode\u0161avanje ovog popisa, i to, \u0161to restriktivnije \u0161to je mogu\u0107e. TrustedHosts mo\u017ee sadr\u017eavati druge servere u <em>workgroupi<\/em> ili one u drugoj domeni.<\/p>\n<p>Pregled TrustedHosts liste mo\u017eemo obaviti naredbom:<\/p>\n<p><b>Get-Item WSMan:\\localhost\\Client\\TrustedHosts<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Dodati server ili ra\u010dunalo u tu listu mo\u017eemo naredbom:<\/p>\n<p><b>Set-Item -Path WSMan:\\localhost\\Client\\TrustedHosts -Value &#8216;MojServer1&#8217;<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Enkripcija<\/h3>\n<p>Enkripcija se vr\u0161i pomo\u0107u TLS protokola kroz HTTPS ili <em>message level<\/em> enkripcije kada se koristi HTTP. TLS enkripcija je naprednija i sigurnija, podr\u017eava sve na\u010dine autentikacije, ali zahtijeva instalirani certifikat i pode\u0161en HTTPS <em>listener<\/em>. <em>Common Name<\/em> certifikata mora odgovarati imenu hosta, mora biti validnog trajanja (da nije istekao ili da je opozvan) i ne smije biti <em>self-signed<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Nekoliko naredbi&#8230;<\/h3>\n<p>Koriste\u0107i ovaj protokol, mo\u017eemo pokrenuti Powershell naredbu na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru.<\/p>\n<p>Na primjer:<\/p>\n<p><b>Invoke-Command -ComputerName MojServer2 -ScriptBlock { netstat } -credential Administrator<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2970 size-standard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/InvokeNetstat-728x142.png\" alt=\"Invoke-Command \" width=\"728\" height=\"142\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ovom linijom pozivamo pokretanje <em>netstat<\/em> alata na ra\u010dunalu ili serveru \u010dije je ime hosta MojServer2, a koriste\u0107i kredencijale korisnika Administrator. Nakon \u0161to potvrdimo pokretanje ove linije, otvara nam se prozor gdje trebamo unijeti lozinku za Administratora.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2964\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/CredentialWindow.png\" alt=\"Windows Remote Management\" width=\"319\" height=\"261\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tako\u0111er, mo\u017eemo, na primjer, narediti ponovno pokretanje nekog servisa:<\/p>\n<p><b>Invoke-Command -ComputerName MojServer3 -ScriptBlock { Restart-Service MSSQLSERVER } -credential Administrator<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Naredbe na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru mo\u017eemo pokretati i kori\u0161tenjem ve\u0107 spremljenih pristupnih podataka.<\/p>\n<p>Kredencijale najprije upisujemo u varijablu:<\/p>\n<p><b> <\/b><b>$credential = Get-Credential<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Zatim lozinku spremamo u datoteku, u sigurnom, enkriptiranom obliku:<\/p>\n<p><b>$credential.Password | ConvertFrom-SecureString | Set-Content C:\\direktorij\\MojServer4_enkriptirana_lozinka.txt<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Kod pokretanje naredbe na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu, lozinku iz datoteke izvla\u010dimo u varijablu koju koristimo kod slanja kredencijala:<\/p>\n<p><b>$lozinka = Get-Content C:\\direktorij\\MojServer4_enkriptirana_lozinka.txt | ConvertTo-SecureString<br \/>\n<\/b><b>$pristupnipodaci = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential(&#8220;Administrator&#8221;, $lozinka)<br \/>\nInvoke-Command -ComputerName MojServer5 -ScriptBlock { netstat } -credential $pristupnipodaci<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ovom linijom pozivamo pokretanje <em>netstat<\/em> naredbe na ra\u010dunalu ili serveru \u010dije je ime hosta MojServer5, a koriste\u0107i korisni\u010dko ime i lozinku iz datoteke, odnosno varijable <em>$pristupnipodaci<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Izvr\u0161avanje skripte uz WinRM protokol<\/h3>\n<p>Koriste\u0107i WinRM protokol, mo\u017eemo narediti izvr\u0161avanje skripte, koja se nalazi lokalno na klijentu na lokaciji C:\\skripta.ps1, na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru.<\/p>\n<p><b>Invoke-Command -FilePath C:\\skripta.ps1 -ComputerName MojServer6 -credential $pristupnipodaci<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Osim pokretanja pojedina\u010dnih naredbi, mo\u017eemo kreirati i cijeli <em>session<\/em>, iz kojeg \u0107emo onda interaktivno pokretati naredbe, kao da smo direktno na udaljenom ra\u010dunalu\/serveru. Ovakav na\u010din je vrlo sli\u010dan upravljanju Linux strojem pomo\u0107u SSH protokola.<\/p>\n<p><b>$lozinka = &#8216;Lozinka123!&#8217;<br \/>\n<\/b><b>[SecureString]$sigurnalozinka = $lozinka | ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force<br \/>\n<\/b><b>$pristupnipodaci = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PsCredential(&#8220;Administrator&#8221;, $sigurnalozinka)<br \/>\n<\/b><b>Enter-PSSession -Computername MojServer7 -UseSSL -Credential $pristupnipodaci<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2971 size-standard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/InvokeSession-728x105.png\" alt=\"Enter-PSSession\" width=\"728\" height=\"105\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Naravno, ovo je primjer, i u produkciji ne\u0107emo koristiti ovakvu lozinku \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>Kada smo u interaktivnoj sesiji, mo\u017eemo pokrenuti nekoliko naredbi, npr. top 5 procesa po kori\u0161tenju CPU-a:<\/p>\n<p><b>Get-Process | Where { $_.name -ne &#8220;Idle&#8221; } | Sort TotalProcessorTime -Descending | Select -First 5 -Property ID,ProcessName,TotalProcessorTime | Format-Table -AutoSize<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2972 size-standard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/InvokeSessionGetProcess-728x186.png\" alt=\"WinRM Get-Process \" width=\"728\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Za izlazak iz <em>remoting sessiona<\/em> dovoljno je pokrenuti:<\/p>\n<p><b>Exit-PSSession<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160to je to WinRM? Windows Remote Management ili WinRM je upravlja\u010dki protokol koji se koristi za me\u0111usobnu komunikaciju ra\u010dunala\/servera razli\u010ditih proizvo\u0111a\u010da, razli\u010ditih operativnih sustava i razli\u010ditog hardvera. Baziran je na SOAP-u, a komunicira putem HTTP\/HTTPS protokola. WinRM je dio operativnog sustava i defaultno je upaljen na svakom serveru, no za kori\u0161tenje je potrebna dodatna konfiguracija. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":2964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[199],"class_list":["post-2962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administracija-servera","tag-powershell"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PowerShell Remoting i WinRM - Plus Hosting<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"WinRM je upravlja\u010dki protokol koji se koristi za komunikaciju ra\u010dunala\/servera razli\u010ditih proizvo\u0111a\u010da, razli\u010ditih operativnih sustava i razli\u010ditog hardvera.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plus.hr\/blog\/2022\/11\/02\/powershell-remoting-i-winrm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PowerShell Remoting i WinRM - 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